高增益反射阵列天线的设计
1引言反射阵列天线的结构如图1所示，由平面反射阵和馈源喇叭组成，反射阵是由印制在接地薄介质基片上的偶极子或微带贴片等单元组成的平面阵。其工作机理类似于传统反射面天线，即通过合理设计，让每个单元对来自馈源的入射场进行适当相位延迟，使反射场在天线口径面上形成所需的相位波前。
反射阵列天线具有如下特点：(1) 采用初级馈源直接进行空间馈电，避免相控阵天线设计中复杂的馈电网络设计及由此引发的损耗(尤其在毫米波段)，有利于提高天线效率；(2) 采用低剖面的平面阵列形成等效抛物面，避免了弯曲形抛物反射面所占空间大、难加工的缺点，利于共形设计；(3) 谐振单元具有0°～360°相移特性，能实现最大至60°的宽角度扫描；(4) 重量轻、体积小、机动灵活、易于制造。基于上述优点，反射阵列天线的研究备受瞩目。
图1反射阵列天线结构示意图
虽然反射阵列天线采用空间馈电，避免馈电网络引发的损耗，因而其增益高于相控阵天线，但是基于下列原因该类天线的增益仍然存在改善的空间：
（1）传统单元的移相范围不足360°，由此导致的移相盲区将严重影响整个天线的增益。
（2）在毫米波段,表面波损耗不容忽略，表面波的存在会干扰主瓣辐射，从而削弱天线增益。
为此，针对（1），作者提出了一种 “复合十字”型反射阵列天线单元，计算表明该单元在保持单层结构(注：多层结构易激励起表面波)的前提下仍能实现超过360°的移相，弥补了现有单层单元移相范围不足360°的缺陷。针对（2），作者通过在原有的反射贴片单元下方的地板植入光子带隙结构（PBG）的方法来抑制表面波。上述方法的有效性通过一个6×6反射阵列天线验证，结果证明，该新型结构反射阵列天线的增益比传统（单元为方形贴片）反射阵列天线提高了2dB。
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
2设计过程
2.1“复合十字”型单元的设计
反射阵列天线设计的一个重要环节是单元的设计，要求每个单元能够对入射波实现0°～360°的反射移相。传统的单元移相设计主要有以下三种方式：（1）调节单元的相位延迟线长度；（2）调节单元的旋转角度；（3）调节单元尺寸。本文采用第三种调相形式，提出如图2所示的“复合十字”型反射阵列天线单元。单元由单层接地介质基片构成，辐射金属贴片刻蚀在介质基片上表面，是一个被四个方形贴片围绕的十字型偶极子。介质基片的相对介电常数，基片厚度t为0.508mm，单元间距，中心频率为94GHz。单元的移相曲线如图3所示。
我们使用全波仿真软件Ansoft HFSS对单元尺寸进行了优化设计，并计算了单元的反射场相位，单元的移相曲线如图3所示。由图中可见，由于采用了“复合十字”型的双谐振结构，单元的移相范围增加至407°。
2.2PBG结构的设计
地板上植入PBG的结构如图4所示，其尺寸参数由于在全金属地板上刻蚀双方环槽缝，导致单元结构发生改变，因此单元移相曲线需要重新计算（如图3所示）。为验证新型结构单元的增益改善能力，我们设计了三个主波束指向为30°的6×6正方形阵列，它们的单元分别为传统的正方形贴片、“复合十字”型贴片（金属地）、“复合十字”型贴片（PBG地）。图5是三种反射阵列天线的E面辐射对比。可见：
(1) 用PBG地代替全金属地板后，“复合十字”型单元构成的阵列天线的增益提高了约0.5dB；这说明我们所提出的PBG结构可以起到抑制表面波的作用。
(2) 与传统的方形贴片阵列相比，“复合十字”型单元（PBG地）所构成阵列的增益提高了2dB。这验证了移相盲区的消除对天线增益的改善的有效性。
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图5传统方形贴片单元阵列与“复合十字型“单元
阵列（PBG地与金属地）的辐射方向图比较
3结论
本文采用消除单元移相盲区和抑制表面波两种手段来提高反射阵列天线的增益。具体设计了一种在地板植入双方环槽缝的PBG结构的“复合十字”型单元。仿真计算表明，与传统的方形贴片反射阵列天线相比，这种新型单元构成的反射阵列天线的增益提高可达2dB。
<div id="ftn1"> 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（90505001），电子科技大学创新团队支持计划
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